THE MEASURE
OF MARKSMANSHIP
A CHRONICLE OF LINOTYPE'S WAR YEARS
The Measure of Marksmanship
Mergenthaler Linotype Company
Brooklyn 5, New York
To MAINTAIN proper perspective during recent months and years has been most difficult. Whether it be an individual, a business, or a
nation, the ability to see clearly and place forces and events in their true relation determines the results attempted or attained.
Throughout its entire history, Linotype has been looked upon as a service adjunct to the publishing and printing industries. With an organization continually attuned to their needs, Linotype has met its responsibilities under whatever conditions existed. Service truly has become a tradition.
So it was that, as the signs of war appeared, the Government designated our organization to devote its resources and talents to the development and production of fire-control instruments of great precision. Almost impossible tasks have been imposed; at times, entirely new processes have been required and developed;
the combined ingenuities, talents and experience of our organization have been taxed to the utmost. That the faith of the Government was justified is attested by the awards of the ArmyNavy "E" flag and its various stars for continued excellence in production performance.
Meantime we have been living up to our obligations to the publishers and printers of the world to the best of our abilities, always under the regulations of government authorities and within the limitations of critical materials and manpower shortages brought about by war.
As we try to bring all of these elements into proper perspective, we find ourselves with the desire to consider the fulfillment of our responsibilities merely as duties and let it go at that; but in another sense, we feel it is required of us to tell and picture to our friends something of the story of Linotype's war years, and in doing so to acknowledge the pride we have in our men and women whose efforts have continued to maintain the standards of Linotype.
The following pages are dedicated to their devotion, and for the records.
Sincerely
,- ~_ a-~
PRESIDENT
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
-FOR NEARLY three-score years, during which time it has deX- developed a product and an operating organization capable of extreme precision in the field of the graphic arts, Linotype was seemingly preparing itself to be of service to the United States Ordnance Department, Signal Corps, Air Corps and the Navy.
The Mergenthaler Linotype Company, during this period has been manufacturing typesetting machinery, matrices and related equipment for the publishing and printing industries. Its contributions to the graphic arts have been credited as being the most outstanding since the invention of movable types in 1440 A.D.
The invention of the Linotype by Ottmar Mergenthaler was followed by the successful installation of the first machines in 1886. Developments of improved models and operating methods soon led to the displacement of increasing areas in the production of hand composition, first in newspapers and later in book and commercial printing. Later, machines capable of setting display composition
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Highly skilled eyes and hands coordinate in the production of machines and matrices, resulting in great precision required to meet the -most exacting Linotype standards.
were developed, until today it is the exception that typesetting requirements do not fall within the scope of one of the Linotype models that are available to the printing industry.
Hand in hand with the growth of the Linotype machine, the program of design and manufacture of type matrices has taken place. From a limited number of faces and sizes the Linotype library of type faces has expanded to include many languages in numerous sizes and beautifully designed characters. Today, more than 800 languages and vernaculars are Linotype-set in more than a hundred
[ 8
countries throughout the world. Some of the most noted philologists are on our staff of experts, thus assuring continuing leadership in this highly specialized field.
At the recent request of 'the Government, Linotype quickly completed a survey of the languages and dialects in the area comprising the thousands of islands between the American mainland and the China coast. There were 147 different languages involved, according to Linotype records, each requiring its individual complement of accents and phonetic symbols. Government approval was given to the recommendations that this complex linguistic problem be resolved by the use of thirty-four basic languages and, despite the obvious handicaps, the equipment was shipped in record time.
On a number of occasions we have been able to render confidential services to government agencies in technical problems involving expert typographic identification. Such instances covered various languages and the definite location of matrices in plants which were well within the field of espionage activities.
These incidents are indicative of the resources and technical abilities within the world-wide Linotype organization. The international character of our contacts with publishers and printers also has enabled us to cooperate effectively in Inter-American Affairs.
The manufacturing plant and production facilities that have made possible the fulfillment of the policies which have made the name Linotype synonymous with precision and dependability are equally outstanding. The factory buildings, machinery and methods are models of perfection. The organization, including management, supervision and production personnel, is that which would be expected to be found. A precision product requires the combination of the best equipment and highly skilled operating force. And this Linotype has in all departments.
It is because of these conditions that the Linotype organization was ready when the call came for special service to the Government.
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N DUE COURSE, we were surveyed by representatives of the War Department and were made an acceptable facility for the production of fire-control instruments in the event of war.
Subsequently, we were awarded educational contracts at Frankford Arsenal for the M1 Panoramic Telescope, M12 Panoramic Telescope, M1 Aiming Circle and M1910 Azimuth Instrument. At the time, educational orders were limited to two similar types per facility, but at the insistence of the Government, we were given four such contracts. As time went on, various other instruments were entrusted to our organization, both for development and manufacture.
With the exception of the requirements for the M1 Height Finder, no building expansion and only a relatively small amount of additional machine tool equipment was necessary. This was because the equipment for Linotype manufacture is to a great degree general purpose equipment, readily converted to special purpose machines by the application of special jigs, fixtures, gangs of cutters, etc.
A RESULT of many years of the precision manufacture of Linotypes, the organization and skill of Linotype people in our factory was such that we had little difficulty in converting to precision war work. As we expanded production additional employees were required. Inasmuch as the assembling consisted of combining complex mechanical and optical units, it was necessary to break down these highly complex operations into relatively simple elements to bring them within the occupational capabilities of the unskilled and semi-skilled employees then being taken into the Linotype organization.
In the beginning, we adopted the policy of taking graduates of technical high schools and this policy proved highly successful until Selective Service began to cut into our personnel by drafting these young men, many of them for the expert maintenance of fire-control instruments in the field. We then found it necessary to use more women. The results were surprisingly gratifying, since the women advanced rapidly on the type of work to which they were assigned, and in many cases even excelled skilled men. We arranged groups of
12
unskilled workers under the supervision of experienced operators who were upgraded to act as job supervisors and were responsible for the activities of their respective groups.
Deferments of vitally needed male employees were satisfactorily handled through the replacement schedule and we believe that Selective Service was fair with our requests for deferment.
Our development of plant protection personnel and methods effectively forestalled sabotage and we consistently campaigned against loose talk.
Early in our experience in the development of techniques Ues for the production of optical elements, we brought to our organization specialists with remarkable funds of information in the field of the
physics of optics. This permitted us to establish study classes in the theory of physics as applied to the practical problems assigned to us. Key men were thus trained, with splendid results. It also was possible to institute intricate research activities, making developments of marked value available to us.
To our Linotype workers and their devotion to the war efforts belongs the credit for the remarkable records which were established. Throughout the factory a spirit of cooperation always was in evidence and many ideas which resulted in better production came from them. Nothing can be said to add to or detract from their
loyalty, willingness and untiring work which was tested and proven in innumerable instances.
In the Armed Services
As the months of war turned into years, the roster of the names of Linotype men and women wearing the uniforms of the various
branches of the armed services lengthened. Every part of the business contributed to this group, now numbering upwards of 700, and as they return to civilian pursuits those of us who have been busily
engaged in producing the important tools of war are happy to honor them.
The chapter of war activities written by our British and Canadian associates is as brilliant as that of our American organization.
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yes of the battery commander, the Battery Commander Telescope, being set , Linotype's collimators. BELOW-. To permit the observation of enemy movements, ' these instruments in a house on the Siegfried Line, near Monschau, Germany.
On Linotype's specially designed benches, all optical elements used in instruments are measured for focal length. BELOW: With the Seventh Army, a 105 MM Howitzer equipped with an M-1 Panoramic Telescope operates under less than ideal conditions.
Specially devised form
holding the big Height
~er complicated wiring
,j wt and panel box thus ~I 4ifies what would have ~ a difficult operation.
)w: One of Linotype's
conditioned rooms in
A the M-7 Director
r assembled.
A final inspection of the Spotting Board. This mathematical marvel calculates the positioning of our big coastal defense guns.
Government inspection at our plant was provided with the best that Linotype ingenuity could devise. Linotype's optical bench. BELOW: Precision! Measurements of two-millionths of an inch. Linotype's interferometer accurately splits a wave length.
WHEN WE got into war production we decided that three shifts, operating eight hours each, were impractical and so arranged for two eleven-hour shifts, resulting in twenty-two hours operation daily, with two hours in each day for maintenance and other similar work. We found, however, that we needed additional machine operating hours to carry out the demands of the Government and devised what is known as the Lino-Vic Production Plan (Linotype Victory Production Plan), which has attracted considerable interest throughout American industry. This produced a maximum of production without ill effects from any cause and was operated successfully during the war emergency.
One of the worst bottlenecks we encountered was inability to secure sufficient optical elements. There were many optical element suppliers in this district, but unfortunately the vital techniques were
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often limited to the heads of these concerns. Since their time was mainly devoted to running the business, no opportunity existed to develop and train unskilled employees and expand production. At the request of the Government, we undertook the task of integrating the efforts of these companies, relieving them of many business details so that they could devote their time to the necessary increased production.
The part of United States Optical Supply Corporation, which we set up and operated without profit, is a unique chapter in the story of the marshalling of the forces of industry for war. The corporation was, created for the sole purpose of assisting the New York Ordnance District in expanding the production of critically-needed optical elements, at a time when their scarcity endangered the entire fire-control program. The activities of some thirty-eight marginal
Linotype engineers quickly learned to adapt their skills to intricate optical instruments. The M-39 Telescope Mount used for measuring angles in both azimuth and elevation is undergoing severe government prescribed tests.
FIRE CONTROL to the average reader," says Brigadier General G. M. Wells, "is perhaps a rather nebulous term embracing a variety of instruments of little known purposes or characteristics.
"To the soldier, on the other band, fire control has a very specific meaning in relation to his particular military specialty. The field Artilleryman thinks of fire control in terms of certain optical and
mechanical devices which permit him to determine the location of target and thereafter to Jay off range and point his gun by either -ect or indirect means. The tank gunner thinks of fire control in terms of various types of telescopes, periscopes and range devices which permit him to see his target and direct the fire of his gun while
shielded behind the armored sheath of his vehicle.
"The concern of the doughboy extends to other and generally
simpler devices used in controlling his antitank guns, artillery and
trench mortars. To the antiaircraft artilleryman, fire control in the
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form of directors, height Enders and various accessory instruments is the heart and soul of his military mission. The same is true of the men who man our seacoast weapons with their even more elaborate fire-control equipment. To the many contractors fire control is synonyrnous with some of the most difficult production problems it has been their ill fortune to encounter.
"Practically all of the current types of instruments have been developed since the Fall of 1939 and this development is still proceeding at a pace that presages far more revolutionary changes in the future.... Fire-control development has kept pace with the improvements in range and accuracy of our cannon and ammunition and with the greatly increased speed and maneuverability of aircraft and ground targets.
" Many diverse problems have had to be surmounted in the production of fire-control instruments of the various types. A single composite antiaircraft fire-control equipment, for example, may contain optical, mechanical, electronic and hydraulic mechanisms of the most complicated and exacting types. Accuracy requirements have always been met on a peacetime basis of manufacture by band finishing and fitting. Work of this nature required highly skilled workmen and was relatively slow and expensive.
"Mass production in wartime required an entirely different approach. It was necessary that machines take the place of skills and that the parts be made so accurately that almost no hand fitting would be required. Mechanical tolerances, measured in tenths or fractions of tenths, had to be prescribed and rigidly enforced. Optical tolerances had to be expressed in the order of a few seconds of arc. The permissible errors in many electrical devices had to be restricted to a fraction of a percent of the range of a particular device. A comprehensive history of how our various contractors met this challenge would require the pages of many volumes. Cases could be cited almost without end in many plants and organizations of entirely new processes developed, adaptations of existing equipment, improvements in training methods and, in fact, the accomplishment of the impossible over and over again"
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Reference has been made to the fact that Linotype, because of 3 factory organization and plant equipment, had been unconsciously preparing itself for the time when the grim necessities of war would have need for its men and women. Our people, our plant id our skills were exactly what our Government needed to develop Le techniques required in the production of Optics for the armies. Optics is a short word that covers many types of fire-control instruments for war. And so we have been busy during wartimes turning .it these fine precision units.
The fire-control instruments we have made range in size from some fifteen feet in length, requiring four men to operate, to others that are only a fraction of such dimensions. There is less glamour to comparatively small instrumentsometimes so small that it rests
the palm of one's hand-than there is to planes, tanks or guns.
[ 2.6
Three panels showing the component, parts of t e M-1 Panoramic' Telescope, M-17 Elbow Telescope and Ball Recording Sextant. The extreme accuracy in manufacturing involve standards that often exceed those used in the making of the finest watches.
But, when that thought occurs, we remind ourselves that without 11 eyes" those big, powerful units would be blind, or at least less effective than they must be to do their jobs. So, we have come to appreciate the importance of the work that has been entrusted to Linotype men and women.
In another part of this book there are a number of letters, telegrams and cables that are typical of many received. We have printed them as a matter of record of Linotype's war efforts and the appreciation expressed by men whose names will be written into the history of World War II. With proper humility we acknowledge these commendations in the names of the Linotype men and women who, because of their constancy, fully merit them.
There have been many reasons why any great degree of publicity concerning the work being done in our plant has not been per
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mitted. Some of the units that we have handled still must remain carefully guarded secrets, while others can be mentioned more freely. Our entire plant, from the first, was under most careful scrutiny by Government guards every minute of the day and night. The people who have worked on such projects were picked, first of all, for their unquestioned loyalty and then for their technical ability. Some of the work they have been doing has been extremely confidential and nearly all of it has been what we term "high precision" Some of the instruments control artillery fire aimed at distant targets, sometimes unseen by gun crews, often when moving at high rates of speed. The accuracy of such instruments determines the effectiveness of the Army.
There are numerous stories which will become epics of World War 11, in some of which Linotype has played important roles. Because General W. P. Boatwright, when Chief of the New York Ordnance District, released it to the Press, we are permitted to relate one of these, which is typical of others.
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A general view of one of Linotype's many busy assembly floors. In such light and air-conditioned rooms, some of the finest optical instruments for Ordnance are assembled by dextrous women, who are trained to standards of the closest tolerances.
Back in the late summer of 1942, it became evident that if the German Afrika-Korps was to be driven out of Egypt and North Africa, certain Allied mechanized equipment must be strengthened. This required the development of a new type of fire-control instrument. Word was flashed to America and the Ordnance Department placed the problem squarely upon the shoulders of Linotype engineers who had helped solve other puzzles. Such a development task in normal times would require several months.
Speed was a prime factor and the key men of the Linotype factory worked days and nights, never leaving the job for more than a few hours' sleep on cots in the plant and having their meals brought to them. No men could stick closer to a job than that group of skilled craftsmen, who recognized that they were building something more than mere instruments. They were in truth the vanguard of the Allied Armies in North Africa, even though they were in Brooklyn.
They completed their task in twenty-one days and that night from LaGuardia Field, two mighty Army bombers, each carrying
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half the load for the sake of safety, roared into the darkness across the seas. Both got through, delivering their precious cargoes. The armored units were ready and the fire-controls were quickly put in place. just ten days later came the news of the beginning of the battle which turned back Rommel and started one of the longest retreats in history.
You may be sure that the Linotype men who worked so hard and so well on "The Eyes of Artillery" used in those engagements wore a smile of satisfaction when they heard the news. The cables from the leaders in North Africa to the Linotype organization were no mere formality-they were very real, and highly valued.
At some later time there may be others that are equally significant. When time shall have given proper perspective, undoubtedly they will be told.
The Eyes of Artillery
To the layman, a list of those instruments which have been referred to as "The Eyes of Artillery" and which have absorbed our energies and skills during wartimes, probably means little. To our modern warriors it is an understatement to say that Linotype's list is significant. In addition to other confidential projects, it would include the following:
Panoramic Telescopes, Battery Commander's Telescopes, Elbow Telescopes, Telescope Mounts, Telescope Adapters, Range Quadrants, Elevation Quadrants, Spotting Boards, Aiming Circles, Azimuth Instruments Height Finders, Directors, Periscopes and Mounts, Ball Recording Sextants, and so on.
Such instruments vary in size from small gadgets to one measuring about fifteen feet in length. Some of them are so comprehensive as to require nearly a hundred pieces of optical glass-lenses and prisms to the layman. Some are so minutely built and adjusted as to be graduated to a millionth of an inch. The necessity for such precision can readily be visualized by considering the futility of artillery fire which could not be accurately sighted. Let us say that a barrage is being laid down at a definite point a number of miles
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from a battery of guns, with infantry coming up under its protection, preparatory to close attack immediately upon cessation of gun-fire. Suppose an instrument were to be out of adjustment in the slightest degree. That gun might drop its shells into the midst of our own advancing men. And, of course, at all times when intended for a target, a shell is wasted if the control instruments are at variance with required standards. There are many times when one ten-thousandth of an inch on a gauge might mean a hundred-yard miss of a target at five miles shooting range.
Other instruments solve many mathematical problems better, more quickly and with greater accuracy than most men could hope to do. They require trained I crews, and when combined the men and their instruments make a team hard to beat. American soldiers of industry produced adequate mate'riel for our skilled armed forces.
Whether in frigid conditions, as here in the Arctic, or in the blazing heat of the tropics, the M-1 Height Finder, like other instruments, must operate with precision.
Some General Definitions
Sometimes we are asked about the uses of some of the instruments we have been producing. Technical experts would consider an informal definition as inadequate, but it is not our purpose to do more than give some general descriptions. For example:
An Elbow Telescope is what might be called a right-angle telescope. It is usually placed on a piece of artillery in a manner to permit the gun pointer to operate without injury from the recoil of the gun when firing.
The Battery Commander Telescope permits the observer to have complete vision at a height above the eye of the field of operation, while remaining unexposed. The simple periscopes with which boys have played use this principle.
The Panoramic Telescope serves a different purpose. It is the main Field Artillery pointing instrument. By means of graduated gauges the gunner lays off horizontal angles from a map or survey and shoots at a target he cannot see.
The Telescope Mount is a device for holding the Panoramic Telescope so that the effect of any variations of terrain in gun placements can be readily compensated.
The Range Quadrant determines vertical angles and translates them into exact distance. It has the same mechanism of compensation as the Telescope Mount. The Panoramic Telescope deals with horizontal angles and is vital in determining locations by triangulation, while the Range Quadrant figures the vertical angles for the elevation of guns. Actually, they are an important pair of instruments.
Aiming Circles are used when indirect firing is done. Let us say that the target is in a valley, while the gun is a number of miles distant with hills obscuring the target from view. A crew places an Aiming Circle on a height of terrain which permits them to see both the target and the gun. By means of this instrument, it is possible to measure the exact angles of the target and the gun, communicate the information to the gun crew, who thus point the gun at the target
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A native gun sighter of a Chinese unit in Northern Burma, shelling Japanese positions with the aid of an M-1 Telescope Mount and M-12 Panoramic Telescope.
35
which is unseen to them. Thus, extreme accuracy and care in manufacturing and operating such instruments are absolutely essential.
Azimuth, speaking non-professionally, means horizontal angles measured clockwise from a fixed direction. An Azimuth Instrument might be defined as an angle-measuring telescope, generally used by Coast Artillery for determining the position of enemy ships. Usually, they are used in pairs, placed at considerable distance apart and, when coordinated, determine the angle of intersection at the target, or the ship. This establishes the exact range and direction for the gun-fire.
The Spotting Board is designed to calculate deviations and corrections in range and direction of any errors in Coast Artillery firing.
The Range Finder is an optical system which determines distance, through the use of angular vision from two directions. The principle is not unlike the parlor stereoscopes with scenic views, which when placed in the holder, produce the effect of third dimension. When applied to artillery fire-control, by means of the Range Finder, it is possible to measure the distances of targets.
The Height Finder is an automatic trigonometric marvel. It is used against airplanes and figures height and distance, translating them into control data and sends them to the director of gun-fire. In size, it is the biggest instrument Linotype has made. Precision is its first name!
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THE LINOTYPE ORGANIZATION has always considered the sale of a Linotype as "unfinished business" More than a score of years ago, we published the following Credo, which has great significance during the times when the whole world has been distraught and the Press has been attempting to assume leadership in keeping the world properly informed.
"After you buy a Linotype, it is your machine but it remains our business. It is our business to do all that we can to make it useful to you. Every man who has ever bought a Linotype has had behind him not only the Company's resources, but the Company's personal good will and willingness to help him in every possible way"
As the clouds of war assumed the shapes of battlements in many parts of the earth, a free and virile Press sprang into action. America saw what it means to have an untrammelled voice speaking in the same strong tones that have characterized the editorial pages of our country since the Colonial fathers debated their views on constitu
37 1
Newspapers, "the educators of the common people:' are to the world what the arteries are to the human body. They stimulate the minds of peoples everywhere.
tional government. America united - a people solidly behind its leaders; faith, confidence, enthusiastic cooperation. This was the lodestar of every newspaper organization in America. A Free Press welded a united America in the fires of a war thrust upon us.
So it was that our Government freely agreed that if America is to be kept informed, if our people are to be partners in the greatest adventure in all history, the Press must be kept alive and alert. This affected us since it immediately became our responsibility to see that no Linotypes faltered in the plants of the thousands of newspapers and printers of America and the United Nations.
Linotype was ready. We converted our stocks of machines, parts and supplies into a home front arsenal of service to the Press. Instead of constricting field activities, every Linotype production and
138
maintenance engineer became the personal counsellor of production executives in the composing rooms of the United States and Canada. Thus the resources of Linotype were enlisted for the duration, and this policy has continued without limitation excepting as inventories and allocations of critical materials have dictated.
Manpower Shortage
As time slipped by, another factor asserted itself. The country began to hear of manpower shortages. Experienced craftsmen were
A group of Linotype technical booklets which helped users in their wartime maintenance and production problems. Many thousands were distributed as production aids.
There have been upwards of 150 of these all-day clinics held throughout the United States, Canada and Latin America, with more than 8,000 Linotype operators and machinists attending.
leaving for war fronts. Others took their places at the keyboards and in the maintenance of Linotypes. Some were well qualified, while others had less experience than they themselves may have wished. But, everything considered, they gave a good account of themselves.
It was at this time that Linotype prepared and distributed a series of booklets which became popularly known as the Linotype Life Extension Series. Some 125,000 booklets were printed and freely distributed to the Linotype technicians of the country as guides to the care and maintenance of Linotypes Quick to recognize the value of this effort of the Company to be of assistance to the industry, our organization was praised for sharing its technical and engineering knowledge and years of experience.
Meantime, with the Linotype factory converted to the production of Government's confidential precision manufacturing, our trained organization was assigned to render the service necessary to the Press when repair parts were required or supplies needed. Stocks were centralized to preserve balanced inventories and service con
140
tinued to be the shibboleth of this group of Linotype factory people, just as it was to those whose skills were being devoted to more warlike production. With handicaps which some day may be regarded as natural results of the industrial complexities of war, but which when they have occurred have been intensely critical, this branch of the Linotype factory organization have merited awards for work well done, many times under trying conditions.
The limited manufacturing permitted under the authorization of the War Production Board and the controls which they estab
Travelling Linotype mechanical experts conducted clinics in which the proper maintenance and adjustments were explained and discussed with those in attendance.
Enemy planes over Algiers brought this display of tracer bullets from anti-aircraft guns - which means optical instruments in action. A photographer's phantasy of war.
lished assured diversion of no materials or manufacturing capacities from vital war work. Sometimes, this has prevented an adequate supply of machine-parts and supplies being made available to meet the needs for the maintenance of outstanding Linotypes.
At times this has resulted in disappointments and some suffering when machines have met with mishaps, but for the most part we have been able to meet such emergencies, often by heroic measures but always with an understanding policy carefully administered by the Company, cooperating with the Government.
The Linotype Clinics
But, as effective as the power of print is, it cannot be a complete guide and mentor to an industry. Linotype executives, keenly aware of their responsibility to the Press and the Government, determined to augment the personal services of their production and maintenance engineers and the maintenance booklets. A series of round
142
table meetings was arranged in the nature of technical instructions and discussions. Taking the message of maintenance to the printers of the country in this way was something new and untried, an experiment in technical training.
Thus, the Linotype Mechanical Clinics came into being. Starting with a team of Linotype experts who pioneered in methods and techniques of instruction, the clinics gradually spread from coast to coast in the United States, Canada, Central and South America. From the personnel of each of our agencies, we have held upwards of one-hundred and fifty such sessions attended by more than eight thousand men and women whose job it is to operate and care for Linotypes in the cities, towns and villages in this hemisphere. Using
Lookout position, with Battery Commander Telescope and field communications, covering Japanese troops in the highlands near Clark Field, Luzon, Philippine Islands.
Big printed charts, so that large audiences can readily follow the illustrations of various parts and mechanisms, these experts have shown the construction and functions of Linotype; they have personally discussed the technical problems of the men who have atended the clinics; they have answered thousands of questions pertinent to maintenance, adjustments and operation; they have proved hat beyond any thought of self-interest, Linotype has sought to be if true service to the industry of which it is a part.
The results? It may never be possible to assay the real worth of he Linotype Mechanical Clinics. Certainly, time must elapse. Expressions from hundreds in the industry have endorsed our efforts -letters and public utterances of leaders have been heartening. Trade journals have carried stories of the remarkable activities which have been so well received.
But all of this is too close at hand to consider more than highly significant. The important thing is that feeling of responsibility, born of nearly sixty years of experience and a determination that the Press of the world shall be able to do its honorable task. Insofar as typesetting machines are concerned, Linotype has been keeping faith with the publishers and printers.
In so doing, Linotype's second front has kept pace with its first Front in wartime service.
N0 GREATER satisfaction exists than that of a job well donewhether it be our daily task, our relations with our family an friends, or the fulfillment of our obligations to our country. Some are seemingly destined to attract more attention than others, but within everyone is the consciousness of duty done, if it is merit&
Our men and women have always built their character into on product, so that in every part of the world the name Linotype stand for integrity. Still further satisfaction exists in the case of our own organization. This is because the machines and equipment which we produce in normal times are the media used by men every where to bring about better understandings and relations with on another. Printing is destined, more than ever before, to wield great influence for good in the years ahead.
Much is heard about the postwar world and the part that ir industry is to play in bringing about the future for which such a terrible war has been waged. With such wisdom as we possess, we shall always do our duty. As the postwar world sets itself to recover from human history's greatest shock, Linotype recognizes the compe 45 I
Members of the Linotype organization giving blood to the Red Cross in a mass operation at Linotype headquarters. BELOW: Ambulance plane in which is this inscription: "Purchased with War Bonds and presented to the Armed Forces by employees of Mergenthaler Linotype Company"
Outside Linotype's arsenal of democracy enthusiastic workers gather in a celebration of accomplishment. In the background is a glimpse of the great Brooklyn Navy Yard.
ling need for the production of machinery and matrices which will make it possible for nations to stimulate wise thought and breadth of vision. World rehabilitation and regeneration will need the printed word -in many languages and in remote places.
Thus, more than ever, Linotype has a significant rendezvous with the future.
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WAR DEPARTMENT
OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
August 22, 1942
Dear Mr. Mackey:
I This is to inform you that the Army and Navy are conferring upon your ori organization the Army-Navy Production Award for high achievement in the production of war equipment.
This award consists of a flag to be own above your plant, and a lapel pin,
significant of major contribution to victory, for every member of your organization.
The high and practical patriotism of the men and women of the Mergenthaler Linotype Company is inspiring and heartening. Their record will be difficult to surpass, yet the Army and Navy have every confidence that it was made only to be broken.
Sincerely yours,
ROBERT P. PATTERSON
Under Secretary of War
I 'is
WAR DEPARTMENT
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
September 11, 1942
Dear Mr. Mackey:
It is a matter of especial regret that I cannot be with you on September 15, when Mergenthaler Linotype Company receives the Army-Navy Production Award for Excellence.
It is a splendid tribute to you and all your associates of the Company. We of the Ordnance Department share in the congratulations to which you are so abundantly entitled.
We send, also, a deep measure of thanks for all that you have done for the Ordnance program thus far, and we look to you with abiding confidence to continue on in the same fine spirit. It will be a major assurance that victory will eventually be ours.
Cordially yours, L. H. CAMPBELL, JR.
Major General, Chief of Ordnance
CABLE
November 25,1942
TO THE MEN AND WOMEN OF
MEIRGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
This message from the Commanding General of the European theatre of operations is relayed from Allied Headquarters in North Africa by the War Department. On this Thanksgiving Day let us thank God for the American industry, labor and management which has given us the weapons and the equipment with which to conduct our North African campaign.
EISENHOWER
Commanding General European Theatre of Operations
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With an M-21 Telescope Mount and an .11-12 Panoramic Telescope, this Field Artilleryman is sighting a big 8-inch 208 MM Howitzer. Such instruments saw world-wide service.
One of many operations devised to save countless hours in the production of such precision parts as the Height Finder Range Drum, requiring extraordinary experience.
CABLE
December 25, 1942
TO THE MEN AND WOMEN OF
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
On this sacred day of Our Lord we,
. g
the soldiers on the firm, line, give thanks
to you soldiers on the production line
for the sinews of war that make our vic
tory possible. We are dedicating this
Christmas Day, the day after and every
y 1 1 a s peace
on earth and good will to men.
M1
MacARTHUR
TELEGRAM
December 31, 1942
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
Your splendid achievement in pro
ducing the telescope mounts M41 in
150
December which were urgently required, by the armed forces is greatly appreciated by this office and is typical of the high order of cooperation that Mergenthaler Linotype Company has extended in the past on these emergency orders.
J. B. RosE
Colonel, Ordnance Dept.,
Frankford Arsenal
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
-WASHINGTON, D. C.
October 3, 1942
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
I am taking this opportunity to write Von to express my sincere appreciation ior the cooperative spirit you have shown our New York Office. It is most encouraging, particularly in these days of national emergency, to have your support.
With best and kindest regards,
Sincerely yours,
J. E. HOOVER
NVAR DEPARTMENT
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
March 24, 1942 Dear M r. Mackey:
The fine record of your company in the production of precision instruments for the Army has again come to my attention, and I would like to express the Ordnance Department's appreciation of the splendid results which the efforts of your organization have produced.
It is a source of great satisfaction to realize that certain outstanding manufacturers are increasing their contributions to the war effort by early deliveries of considerable quantities of munitions. The Mergenthaler Linotype Company, among these companies, stands out as an example of what can be accomplished by sustained effort of both management and labor.
51 1
Aiming a 105 AIM Howitzer, in the St. Nazaire section of France, equipped with M-21 Telescope Mount, M-9 Telescope Adapter and M-12 Panoramic Telescope, all "eyes of artillery"
There will be little time for congratulatory expressions, however well deserved, in the busy months that lie abead, but the Ordnance Department is convinced that your company can be depended upon to achieve whatever the emergency may demand. Responsibility for the continuous flow of fighting equip
The three synchronous motors in the Height Finder cradle enable the director, the guns and the Height Finder to concentrate on a single target.
ment rests with the manufacturers, and when victory is attained, it will be in no small measure due to the productive efforts of the men in the plants.
It is with increasing confidence in your future contributions that I extend the thanks of the Department to every member of your organization for the accomplishments which have been achieved.
Sincerely yours,
C. M. WESSON
Major General, Chief of Ordnance
TELEGRAM
March 4, 1943
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
The suitability and performance of equipment produced by American industry which I have just seen on a 34,000 mile inspection trip through the Carribean, South America, North and Central America, Africa, Palestine, Iran, India and Burma, is a tribute to the genius of American engineers and to the skill of the workmen who made it. Its adequacy everywhere was a source of great satisfaction to me. You and your organization should be proud of your contribution and the important part you are playing in helping us to victory.
BREHON SOMERVELL
Lieutenant General,
Commanding Service of Supplies
WAR DEPARTMENT WASHINGTON, D. C.
May 15,1943
TO THE MEN AND WOMEN OF
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
I am pleased to inform you that you have won for the second time the ArmyNavy Production Award for meritorious services on the production front.
You have continued to maintain the high standard that you set for yourselves and which won you distinction more than six months ago. You may well be proud of your achievement.
The White Star, which the renewal
152
adds to your Army-Navy Production Award flag, is the symbol of appreciation of our Armed Forces for your continued and determined effort and patriotism.
Sincerely yours,
R. P. PATTERSON
Under Secretary of War
CABLE
May 15,1943
TO THE MEN AND WOMEN OF
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
This message from the Commander in Chief of the Allied Forces in Africa is relayed by the War Department. Our fighting men, standing shoulder to shoulder with our fighting allies, the British and the French, have driven the enemy out of North Africa. In this victory the munitions made by American industry, labor and management, played a very important role. There is glory for us all in this achievement.
EISENHOWER
Com mander in Chief of the Allied Forces in Africa TELEGRAM
May 19,1943 Mr. J. T. MACKEY, President
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
Congratulations to all employees of Mergenthaler Linotype Company for adding a star to their Army-Navy E pennant. Keep up the good work.
L. H. CAMPBELL, JR.
Major General, Chief of Ordnance
TELEGRAM
June 4, 1943 MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
This office extends congratulations and its appreciation of the great effort put forth by your employees to attain the excellent production of Panoramic Telescope MI for month of May.
G. B. WELCH
Colonel, Ordnance Department
Frankford Arsenal
53 1
From this thatched observation post, cavalrymen of the U. S. Third Army scan enemy territory in Luxembourg with a Battery Commander's Telescope.
\\Alt DEPARTMENT
FRANKFORD ARSENAL, PHILADELPHIA
September 30, 1943
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
This letter is written to extend out- appreciation for the cooperation which you lave extended in connection with the -unning of Initerchangeability Tests oil ire control instruments. The completeness and care of the arrangements made prior to the tests and assistance given hiring the actual running of the tests has contributed greatly to the results desired.
Very truly yours,
R. 11. BROOKS
Captain, Ordnance Department
WAR DEPARTMENT
NEW YORK ORDNANCE DISTRICT
NEW YORK, N. Y.
November 14,1943
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
This District has just received word from the Office Chief of Ordnance that our Artillery Branch has won the award :or excellence in meeting production schedules during the month of October. This is the fifth time in eight months that he award has been given to the New fork Ordnance District.
While the award is given to the Dis
District Office, I feel, and all of my staff agree, that it really belongs to the manuacturers of the District who have proRiced the artillery items called for on lie October schedule. There were numerous examples of ingenuity and unusual effort both on the part of management and labor in meeting some of the difficult schedules established for the month and these do not pass unnoticed. should like at this time to express my
appreciation for your part in the pr~_ ;ram.
Sincerely yours,
GILBERT 1. Ross
Colonel, Ordnance Department
District Chief
TELEGRAM
January 3, 1944
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
This office expresses appreciation of effort of your company and employees to meet urgent production requirements for Range Quadrants MIOC in December. These are being assembled to guns and will shortly be enroute to our fighting forces.
G. B. WELCH
Colonel, Ordnance Departnient
Frankford Arsenal
ARMY SERVICE FORCES
NEWYORK ORDNANCE DISTRICT
March 13, 1944
Mr. J. T. MACKEY, President
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
May I take this opportunity to express through you to the management and employees of your good company the deep appreciation of this office for the splendid showing made during January and February of this year.
You have met, and exceeded, the ur
gent requests from the fighting fronts for
ZD
all immediate increase and early shipment of the BC M65 telescopes and this performance, made possible only by extra Nvork and longer hours, is an accomplishment in which every man and woman of your organization can take pride. It is cooperation such as this which will speed the day of victory.
GILBERT 1. Ross
Colonel, Ord. Dept., District Chief
WAR DEPARTMENT
OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
May 27, 1944
TO THE MEN AND WOMEN OF
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
I am pleased to inform you that you have won for the third time the
154
Arm -Navy Production Award for high
y g
achievement in the production of war materiel.
In maintaining the fine record which first brought you distinction, you have set all inspiring example for your fellow Americans on the production front.
This second renewal adds a second White Star to your Army-Navy Production Award flag, and staiids as a symbol of your great and continuing contribution to the cause of freedom.
Sincerely yours,
ROBERT P. PATTERSON
Under Secretary of War
Color guard of Linotype Post, No. 1202,
of the American Legion, with flags of
thirty-six U United Nations, Memorial Day,
1945. The membership of Linotype Post
has established an enviable record in
rnany undertakings while fellow workers
have been wearing the uniforms of active service on many f fronts
WAR DEPARTMENT
OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
December 2,1944
To THE MEN AND WOMEN OF
MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
I am pleased to inform you that you have Won for the fourth time the ArmyNavy Production Award for outstanding achievement in producing materials essential to the war effort.
By maintaining the distinguished rec
ord which previously brought you distinction, you are once again proving ,,-our leadership on the production front. This third White Star added to your
Army-Navy Production Award flag carries with it the thanks and congratulations of our Armed Forces.
Sincerely yours,
ROBERT P. PATTERSON
Under Secretary of War
When Linotype Post, No. 1202 of the American Legion presented the flags of thirtysix United Nations to the U. S. Naval Convalescent Hospital, Sea Gate, Long Island.
TEI,EGRA'.%t
May 9, 1944
NIERCENTHALEn LINOTYPE COMPANY
Every American war worker bad a part in our great victory over Germany. My heartiest congratulations to all of you.
Let us not forget, however, even on this joyous occasion, that we still have an enormous job to do.
The nation is counting on American labor and industry to provide the weapons and equipment needed to crush Japan.
I am confident that this great production team will do whatever is necessary to see to it that military schedules are met fully and on time.
ROBERT P. PATTERSON
Under Secretary of War
WAR DEPARTMENT
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Angnst 6,1945
MEBGENTHALER LINOTYPE CO'.\IPANY Attention NIB. G. A. ALLISON
... The excellent record that has been achieved in the production of Tank Fire Control Instruments is I tribute to the effort of you and your staff and the completely s~lffess manner in which you and they have collaborated with the other committee members to reach a common objective.
This office is deeply appreciative of the part you have played in making the Committee successful.
For the Chief of Ordnance:
D. J. CABE
Captain, Ordnance Department Assistant
156
AR__\IY SERVICE FORCES
NEW YORK ORDNANCE DISTRICT
NEW YOBK, N. Y.
Angnst 20,
MR. J. T. MACKEY, President,
'-\IERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPAN
The victory we have been strivin has been won at last. American ind did its full share in making it poss The men and women of your orga tion have earned the nation's et gratitude for their important cont tion to the triumph of American a through their production of Ordn Materiel.
On behalf of the New York Ordn District and the Army, may I extei Vour manaaement and employees gratulations and appreciation for war production job accomplished. I problems of reconversion to peaceproduction, the New York Ordn District stands ready to serve you ju we will continue to serve the count a vital part of the post-war organiz for national defense.
The enclosed copy of a letter
Lieutenant General L. H. Campbel Chief of Ordnance, is forwarded i cordance with his request that We vev to our contractors his appreci for their outstanding part in the ac plishments of the Industry-Ordn Team.
Sincerely yotirs,
STEWART E. REIM
Brigadier General, Ord. I
WAR DEPARTMENT
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF OBDNAN
-kN-ASHINGTON, D. C.
Angnst 15,
BRIGADIER GENERAL S. E. REIMEL
Chief, New York Ordnance Districi
May I extend to you in this hoi final victory my warmest congratula and great admiration for the outstan job which has been done by you
57
your staff, men and Women, Working ii ~losest cooperation with industry to ac complish the greatest production of nui nitions known throughout history.
Without vour full and complete co operation, without the authority whicl vou have exercised under our 6rdnanc( poliev of decentralization, and without , full ~~cceptance of the responsibility go ing with such authority, we could no have done the task assigned. Further without the support of industry gaine( upon a foundation of mutual trust an( confidence, we could not have succeeded
Will Von please convey to all of on contraciors and members of our Indus try-Ordnance Team my sincere apprecia tion for the part they have played in on great organization.
Sincerely yonrs,
L. H. CAMPBELL, JR.
Lientenant General, Chief of Ordnanci
OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION
WAR PRICE AND RATIONING 130AIlD
NO, 25z4-6
PLANT AREA BOARD
166 EE-MSEN STREET, BBOOKLYN, N. Y.
September 12, 194.:
~\IE. JOSEPH T. MACKEY, President, MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY
For over three years 1 have had thi extreme pleasure of being associate( With vour company through the ration Ing program.
. . . As Chairman of the Plant Are~ Board serving your company, it is m, pleasant privilege to ackno~vledge th, indebtedness of the Office of Price Ad ministration for a job Well done.
As evidence of this acknowledgment it is with great satisfaction that I sen( vou this citation and with it goes m, warmest appreciation to each and every one who did his part.
Sincerely yonrs,
FRANK NI. TERILLO
Board Chairmat
WHOM WE HONOR
Linotype Employees in the Armed Services
They Gave the Last Full Measure
BARTHELME, MARTIN J., Army, Tank Corps CAMPBELL, VINCENT, Army, Infantry CORRIGAN, JOHN, Army, Infantry CUSA, EUGENE, Army, Infantry DEC, VINCENT J., Army, Infantry FROEHLICH, KENNETH, Army, Infantry HUGHES, JOSEPH H., Army, Artillery JEFFERSON, JOHN, Army, Paratrooper MULLIGAN, JOHN F., Navy, Armed Guard REMETT, WILLIAM, Army, Air Corps RODENBURG, HENRY, Navy, U.S.S. Terror SONNER, WARREN, Army, Air Corps TROCKWITZ, ALEXANDER, Army, Infantry VOSSWINKEL, GEORGE, Navy, L.C.T.
Abbott, Victoria
Agesen, Bruce M.
Albert, Edward
Alechman, Hyman
Alexander, Robert
Alfasa, Joseph
Alfassa, Albert
Alger, Alfred
Allen, James A. Allen, John H. Allen, Richard S. Aloisio, Louis Ambrose, John A. Amodeo, Joseph Anderson, Franklin J. Aretakis, Constantine
Auster, Aaron Austin, Francis J.
Bacher, Kenneth
Bagdonas, Charles
Bailey, Frank
Baker, John M. 3rd
Ballantine, Paul
591
Barbarito, Frank Barbeau, Richard 1. Barrett, William S. Barsalona, Charles Barthelme, Martin J. Basile, Salvatore Bates, Howard Bauer, Harold C., Jr. Baumann, Leonard Bell, Herbert Bellmer, William R. Bennett, Vincent Bentzen, Stanley K. Benvenga, Clemens J. Berlinsky, Robert Berry, Charles 0., Jr. Berry, Charles 0., Sr. Bertges, John Beyer, Alex Billard, William R. 3rd Blank, David Blattberg, Norman Blomgren, Edwin Blumenfeld, Joel Boasi, Howard J. Bolton, George Bonamo, Peter Boner, Daniel F. Boner, Harold Bonura, Anthony Borgese, Frank Borysiewicz, Edward Bosch, Frank Bourque, James L. Boyle, William Bradley, Miles D. Brandt, George Brandt, Robert W. Braumann, Adam Braun, Joseph Braunreuther, John Bree, Herbert Bremer, Henry Brennan, James Brenner, Woodrow Brooks, John Broussard, Charles D., Jr. Brown, John E.
Brown, Raymond W. Bruno, Albert P. Buda, Frank Bulcock, Gordon Burke, Thomas A. Butler, Edward Buttafoco, Joseph J. Byers, Arthur Byrne, Thomas J. Byrnes, Walter S.
Caffrey, William
Callahan, John
Campbell, Vincent
Cannon, George
Carey, Clement F., Jr.
Carroll, Edward J., Jr.
Cascio, Jack
Cassidy, Edward J.
Catanese, Anthony
Caton, George, Jr.
Cava, Robert
Cesaro, Donato J.
Chadurjian, Jack
Christensen, Robert S.
Chunga, Marie
Clark, James R.
Clifford, John R.
Cochrane, Gloria M.
Cohen, Daniel
Collard, Lorraine
Cologer, Christopher
Calury, Nicholas
Compton, James F.
Condon, Robert J.
Conlon, James
Connor, Thomas J.
Conway, George
Cooper, Leo
Corrigan, John
Corrigan, Michael
Corso, Anthony
Corso, Francis
Costello, Francis
Coulter, Andrew
Crawford, Henry
Creighton, William
Cuneo, Albert
Cunningham, Edward
Cusa, Eugene*
Dahlman, Sam
Dainty, John R.
Daley, Vincent A.
Dargan, Thomas
Dattner, Rolland
Davis, Raymond W.
Dec, Vincent J. *
Deitz, Raymond, Jr.
Delehanty, Richard
Del Gaudio, Enrico
De Luca, Frank
DeNyse, George
DePoy, Thomas E.
Devere, Robert
Diamantis, Louis
Diamontopulos, Peter
Diehl, Edward
Dielman, Robert
Director, Walter
Di Roberto, Joseph
Divver, William
Doerflinger, Eugene
Donahoe, Joseph
Donnelly, Charles
Donovan, John
Dorsch, Robert
Dorsey, Oliver
Dorsey, Vincent J.
Dosch, Harry
Downing, Thomas J.
Drain, William
Draper, Donald
Drautz, Henry
Dreger, Theodore
Dreger, Walter
Drews, Walter
Dudley, William
Duenas Asdruval
Duggan, Robert J.
Dunn, Jack
Dunne, Mary
Dutkiewicz, Bronislaus
Eberle, Walter L.
Echard, Joseph
[ 60
Edwards, John C. Edwards, William Emanuel, Sylvie J., Jr. Emrich, Arthur H. Enright, Charles Ericson, Maurice Ernst, Robert Essenbreis, Frank Eynard, Alfred, Jr.
Failla, Natale J. Faria, Joseph Farrell, James Fasullo, Robert Fatman, Sol C. Fearon, Edward, Jr. Feigel, William Fell, Francis Ferris, Frank Fiedler, Paul Finnin, Joseph XI. Fisher, Harold Flawed, Henry Flynn, John Flynn, John T. Fomenko, Sergi Forrer, Edward Fox, Bernard Fraites, George Frauenburg, Raymond Fredericks, Harold Frey, Everett Friedman, Ben Frische, Ralph F. Fezzel, Francis Froehlich, Kenneth Funaro, Vincent J.
Gaetjen, Donald
Gage, Hugh F.
Gallaudet, Frank
Gallaudet, George
Gartner, Richard
Gearrity, Francis
Gebert, Fred
Galberg, Charles M.
Germain, Robert F.
Giarratani, Virgil
611
Gibadlo, Edwin Giguere, Andrew J. Gillman, Charles Giobardo, Jack Glover, Jimmie Goepfert, Fred Goldblatt, Philip Goldman, Warren H. Goldschmidt, Ravmond Goldstein, Sidney Gontcharuk, Wifliam Graham, George Graham, James Grant, Thomas Graver, William Green, Harland J. Greene, Harry R. Gregg, Francis Grimaldi, Frank A. Grimaldi, Saverio Grubb, James Grundner, William Grunseich, Alfred Gryl, Marion Gumas, George Gunkel, Robert E. Guth, Peter G.
Hagemann, Martin
Haggerty, William
Haley, Charles H.
Hansen, Christian
Hanzel, Frank M.
Harper, Edward J.
Harshbarger, C. W.
Harsnett, Roy J.
Hartcorn, Robert F.
Harwitt, Alvin
Hasday, Isaac
Hathaway, Arthur
Hauschildt, Ove
Hauser, William
Hayes, Robert E.
Healy, Thomas
Heaton, Anthony
Hecht, Jesse B.
Heikkila, Edwin C.
Henry, Carlyle
Hepburn, William J. Hepprich, G. Charles Heron, Thomas Heyer, Walter Hickey, Joseph Hicks ' William Hickson, Irving Higgins, Robert K. Hines, William Hoffman, Carl F. Hogarty, Francis J. Holmes, Herbert Horan, Joseph 2nd Houtkin, Herbert Howe, George Hughes, Joseph H. Hummers, Henry, Jr. Hurlston, Rudy A. Hutchins, William L.
Ierardi, John A.
Irving, Robert
Jackson, Raymond Jackson, William Jacobs, John E. Jaegers, Joseph Jagelewski, George James, Ernest, Jr. Jaronczyk, John Jeff Jefferson, John * Jehle, August F., Jr. Jensen, Harold Johnson, Conrad Johnson, Ernest Jourdan, Charles judge, George judge, Robert
Kaatz, George, Jr.
Kahnt, Fred
Kahres, Walter
Kaiser, Robert R.
Kambach, George
Kamine, Frank
Kaplan, Edith
Katz, Samuel
Kautz, Arthur
Keating, Robert Keil, William
Keller, Frederick J. Kerr, Richard W. Kiernan, Thomas Kiesling, Lester
Kilcoyne, Charles Kilcoyne, Frank
Kirch, Helmut
Kirschner, Richard Klausner, Jerome
Klein, Frederick J. Klein, George Klein, Richard Klimkowsky, Peter Knaub, Charles
Koecher, George
Koehler, Frederick Koehler, George
Koeln, Herman A. Kohl, Harold
Konetzny, Robert Koral, Milton A. Krause, Kenneth Kreutzer, Arthur Krueger, Allen
Kuba, Joseph
Kucinskas, Charles Kucinskas, Peter J. Kuhn, John
La Chance, Jos. Lachick, Joseph Landsberg, Galad, La Porte, Carlton Larsen, Theodore LaSauce, Herbert Lavelle, William J. Lawrence, Robert Leahy, William L. Lebenger, Calvert Lefferts, Clarence J. Lefferts, George J.
Leonard, Willis
Leonhard, George, Jr. Lesser, Alfred
Levin, Irving
Levine, William
Liedtke, Anthony, Jr. Liggan, James Lindenmeier, Peter Loewe, Walter J. Lombardi, Ernest Longobardi, Michael Lotz Elsworth Lowder, Francis Lowe, Edward Lubin, Carl Ludwig, Frederick Luigi, Frank Lynch, Arthur J. Lynch, Harry Lynch, Thomas Lynch, Timothy Lynn, Arthur J.
Mace, Robert J.
Mackey, Frank
Mackey, John J.
Madigan, Edward, Jr.
Madison, Jacob
Magovney, Herbert G.
Mahan, Raymond J.
Mahoney, Thomas
Maier, John, Jr.
Maier, Joseph A.
Malara, Bart
Malberg, Martin
Manfredi, Charles
Marcigliano, Nicholas
Marino, Vincent
Martin, Joseph
Matsonkas, Nicholas
Maw, Robert
Maxcey, Frank
Mayo, Francis
Mazza, Albert
McAllister, John
McAllister, Vincent
McAuley, Patrick
McCabe, Harold
McCartney, Joseph
McCauley, Allen
McCormick, Wm. F., Jr.
McCurdy, Bruce
McDermott, Michael
McDonald, Garrett
McGann, Peter
McGinley, William J.
McGreevey, Stanley
McGrory, Francis
McGuire, Lawrence
McGuire, Vincent G.
McKillop, John
McLaughlin, Frank
McMahon, Bernard J.
McManus, Joseph
McManus, Patrick
McMillan, Harold
McQuade, John
McQuade, Joseph
Mealia, Robert
Mehring, Harry
Meyer, Edward
Meyer, Herbert
Meyer, John
Michaelsen, Theodore
Michelich, Valentine
Miezelis, John
Mihalka, Stephen J.
Miller, Charles
Miller, Norman
Miller, Robert
Mills, S. W.
Minelli, Eugene
Minnick, Theodore G.
Mittag, George
Molitor, Francis
Mongello, Frank, Jr.
Morrison, Hugh
Morrow, James
Mouzakis, George, Jr.
Moylan, Joseph P.
Mulhearn, Jerome
Mullen, John P.
Mullen, Walter
Mulligan, John F.
Mulligan, William
Mundo, Thomas
Murphy, Joseph E.
Murphy, Michael
Murphy, Walter
Murray, Edward F.
Murray, Vincent
162
Mussmacher, Ferdinand
Musto, Philip
Naglieri, Jack
Nakrin, William
Naylor, Robert
Naylor, William B., Jr.
Neill, Frederick B.
Neitzel Arthur
Neitzel, Walter
Nelson, Harold
Nelz George
Newark, Martin E.
Newman, Lawrence
Nielsen, Alfred, Jr.
Niforos, George
Nix, John
Nodelman, Seymour
Noeth, John W.
Norton, Edward
O'Connell, Edwin G. O'Connell, Joseph O'Connell, William O'Connor, J. J. O'Donnell, Raymond O'Donnell, Thomas O'kane, Hugh Oliva, Santo J. Olivio, Peter Oshinsky, Leah Ottenstein, Jerome Otto, John W.
Palamidis, Nicholas Palestrini, Frank Panetta, Paul Palo, Simone Pargeter, Cyril A. Parpan, Nicholas Pasmantier, Paul E. Pasqualina, Ralph Patrone, Nicholas Patterson, B. W. Pauli, Francis Pearsall, Ernest Pellechia, Herbert Penney, Robert A.
63 1
Perrini, Dominick
Perron, Arthur
Pesce, Joseph
Petrausky, Joseph
Phalan, Bernard J.
Phillips, John
Pietila, Ahti
Pillitteri, Vincent
Pion, Paul
Plotz, Walter W.
Pogue, Charles
Policella, Joseph
Pollack, William
Pollock, Thomas
Portnoy, Abraham
Postrion, William
Powers, Walter
Pratt, Walter
Preis, William
Press, Irving
Prior, Thomas
Progl, Frank
Pugliese, Antoinette
Quinn, Edward Quinn, Edward A.
Rahm, Harry
Ramaglia, Emil
Reardon, Jack F.
Reddehase, Fred
Reed, Agnes
Regan, George C.
Reilly, George F.
Reilly, John
Reilly, John P.
Reilly, Thomas E.
Remett, William
Riley, Edward
Ring, James
Roach, Albert
Roberts, William
Robson, Charles A., Jr.
Rocco, Vincent
Rodenburg, Henry*
Rogers, Edward T.
Rogers, Norman
Roiecki, Nicholas
Roloff, William
Rorke, Joseph
Rosa, Samuel
Rosenbaum, Jules
Rosenberg, Julius
Rosner, Albert
Roth, Otto
Rouleau, Alcide
Rubino, Charles
Rueth, Henry
Runnions, Robert A.
Ruoff, John
Rush, Edward J.
Russo, Charles
Rust, Bernard
Ruzika, Frank
Sabatino, John, Jr.
Sadler, James Walter
Salg, Edward
Santamaria, Nicholas
Santangelo, Frank J.
Santurro, John
Sapio, Louis
Sauer, John
Savage, James
Savino Dan
Schaefer, Arthur
Schaeffer, John
Schamberger, Howard
Schatz, Joseph
Scheele, Louis
Scheer, George F., Jr.
Scheyer, Lester M.
Schiavone, Anthony R.
Schiavone, Gaetano
Schiavone, Harry
Schlosser, Fred
Schmidt, Herbert P.
Scbmiedecke, James
Schneider, Hans
Schneider, Jack
Schneider, John E.
Schneider, Leo
Schuettinger, George
Schuman, Rudolph
Schurga, Edward
Schwaninger, G. Robert
Schwartz, Norman Schwartz, Murray Seminara, Elpideo. Senko, Teddy Senkow, John Sescila, John M., Jr. Seufert, Fred
Shannon, James E. Shapiro, Irving
Shapse, Lawrence Shea, Frank Shea, Philip Sheehan, John Sheppard, Baxter Sherman, Harold Sicular, George Signorello, Jack Sirlin, Alfred
Skelly, Robert W. Smith, Frances
Smith, Freeman B. Smith, Jack
Smith, James Smith, Jerald Smith, Roger Frederick Sokolsky, Ira
Sonner, Warren*
Spearman, Thomas G. Spingola, Carmelo
Spingola, John Stack, Charles Staiger, Charles Stanio, Joseph Steiper, Henry Stenz, Ralph
Stevens, William
Stewart, Ben B.
Stewart, Woodrow T.
Sticco Joseph
Sticco, Peter
Stillway, Francis
Stooges, Anthony H.
Stumpf, T. Robert
Sullivan, John
Svoboda, Frank
Tannenbaum, Herman
Tanner, Paul E.
Tappen, Franklin E.
Terrie, Edmund
Thorwarth, Louis, Jr.
Timoney, John
Tobin, Charles
Toner, Raymond
Tornee, Louis
Tozier, Hilda
Trezise, Roger
Trockwitz, Alexander
Tuomi, John W.
Turczynski, Julius
Tylawsky, Peter
Ulto, Joseph
Urgo Joseph
Vanden Houten, George
Vanderberg, William
VanWagner, Paul
Viola, Dominic
VonKlemperer, Franz
Vosswinkel, George*
Wagner, John A.
Waisanen, Olavi
Walker, John R.
Walsh, John
Walsh, Martin
Walsh, Patrick
Walsh, Thomas
Walther, Edward
Warren, Robert
Weaver, Vance W.
Weinberg, Isidore
Weinberger, Harry
Weissman, Walter
Wengrod, Isidore
Werner, Frank E.
Werner, Louis
Wild, James
Wilke, Roy
Willard, Henry
Willis, Paul
Willis, Tom
Winter, Aaron H.
Wirsing, Paul
Woltz, Edward
Wrubleski, John
Wuest, George H.
Wuorinen, Walter
Yaegel, William, Jr.
Yankaus, Walter
Yungk, Frank
Zagarine, Alexander
Zahran, Joseph P.
Zakaria, David
Zerbes, Joseph M.
Zimmerman, Manfred
THIS BOOK has been set in CALEDONIA, a face designed exclusively for Linotype by W. A. DWIGGi.Ns. The display is set in CALEDONIA BOLD primarily, with occasional lines in the BODONI series. Action photographs and most of the plant illustrations are by U. S. SIGNAL CORPS, released for publication by Bureau of Public Relations, War Department. The cover design, by ADOLPH TREIDLER, is reproduced by the silk screen process.
Printed in U. S. A. 840.24-K-X.30X